Wprowadzanie liter
Czytanie jest nierozłączne z nauką pisania. O tym od czego zależy nauka czytania i pisania napisałam w ostatnim artykule. Ten post przybierze najprostszą z możliwych form i w okrojony ale też najbardziej schematyczny sposób pokaże Wam jak wprowadzać dziecku nową literę.
Etapy wprowadzania litery
Stwarzamy sytuację dydaktyczną
która umożliwi nam ćwiczenia w mówieniu i wyodrębnienia wyrazu podstawowego, w którym występuje wprowadzana przez nas litera:
- historyjka obrazkowa,
- zagadka,
- piosenka,
- wierszyk,
- wycieczka,
- fragment lektury,
- rozmowa.
Przykładowe wprowadzanie litery „A” i „O”
źródło: Tropiciele, WSiP, podręcznik dla klasy I, cz.I
Prezentujemy literę na obrazku.
Prezentujemy wyraz.
Nowsza i starsza wersja planszy edukacyjnej służącej do wprowadzania litery. Osobiście uważam, że najbardziej przydatne są plansze zawierające minimum informacji, czyli prezentację litery, graficzne przedstawienie danego przedmiotu i zapis wyrazu z wprowadzaną literą.
Pokazujemy na kartonikach komplet liter – mała i wielka drukowana i pisana.
Analiza i synteza słuchowo – wzrokowa wyrazu podstawowego
Przykładowe wprowadzanie litery „A” i „O”
źródło: Tropiciele, WSiP, podręcznik dla klasy I, cz.I
objaśnienie: szare paski odpowiadają kolejno: odczytaniu wyrazu w całości i sylabami / czerwone kropki odpowiadają samogłoskom, niebieskie – spółgłoskom
odczytanie wyrazu (w całości, sylabami, głoskami)
dokonanie syntezy
wyróżnianie samogłosek i spółgłosek (wykorzystanie cegiełek)
wyodrębnienie nowej głoski i wyszukiwanie nowych wyrazów z tą samą głoską
Nauka pisania małej i wielkiej litery oraz łączenie jej z innymi
- powoli przy jednoczesnej analizie kształtu (porównywanie z innymi literami, pytanie dzieci co im dana litera przypomina)
- demonstrowanie sposobu pisania przez nauczyciela w dużym formacie np. na tablicy bez linii,
- dzieci kreślą literę w powietrzu (na ławce, na plecach kolegi, lepią z plasteliny) tak by łączyć kształt z pamięcią wzrokową i dotykową
- pisanie w liniaturze po śladach
- pisanie w zeszytach przedmiotowych po wzorze nauczyciela
- prezentacja wyrazu z wprowadzaną literą, sylab, skupiamy się na łączeniu liter
- układanie zdań i zapis – uzupełnienie zdania lub wyrazu obrazkiem narysowanym w zeszycie
Czytanie tekstu z nową literą
Ćwiczenie odnajdywania litery w tekście.
źródło: domowyprzedszkolak.pl
Przykładowe wprowadzanie litery „U”
źródło: Tropiciele, WSiP, podręcznik dla klasy I, cz.I
- korzystanie z elementarza
- ćwiczymy mówienie, odmianę wyrazu
- odszukiwanie wyrazów z nową literą w krótkim tekście i ich odczytywanie
- ćwiczenia w czytaniu (najpierw nauczyciel, później uczniowie)
- wprowadzenie czytania z podziałem na role
- układanie pytań do tekstu przez nauczyciela i na odwrót.
źródło: Alfabet aktywnie, TVP ABC
sam wierszyk nie eksponuje wprowadzanej litery, ale jest zagadką na temat zwierzęcia przedstawionego na rysunku, powinniśmy zapisać wyraz dziecku tak by mogło powtórzyć go według wzoru; zabrakło mi tutaj trzylinii.
Wszystkie te czynności możemy wykonywać przy jednoczesnym ćwiczeniu grafomotoryki pisząc np. szlaczki po śladzie.
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